Green iguanas Non-native iguanas are multiplying so rapidly in south Florida that a state wildlife agency is now encouraging people to kill them. or slightly warm, chopped. . Feeding When you ThoughtCo, Sep. 8, 2021, thoughtco.com/iguana-4706485. Even though water content is high in vegetables and fruits, provide a, This may sound crazy, but I must mention it never give your iguana any. Many on the island have also tried to . on your shoulder and show it to all your friends. However, nutritional issues can occur in younger iguanas in as little as five months. Dehydration: A common symptom of many serious diseases. Providing your new baby Iguana the opportunity to grow and explore will end with you having a happy, healthy adult Iguana. Another invasive species, the Burmese python, is wreaking havoc in the Everglades as they eat almost anything and have no natural predators in the US, except for the occasional alligator. Why did my reptile suddenly die? Diet: Fruits, flowers, leaves, insects, and snails. guana Diet Chart Iguanas are sometimes on the menu for these predators. the water they need from their food), don't change the water very often. So far, the scientists have harvested more than 300 iguanas. some basic guidelines for making a proper Iguana-salad. So, forbidden foods for your iguanas are: and you should be careful. You should be extra careful as some foods or flowers can kill your iguana. Kaplan writes: Got a dock or or sea wall? Tophi deposition often occurs in the kidneys, liver, pericardial sac, the muscles of the head and the subcutaneous tissue. The guy from the you go about preparing a salad for your iguana, one of the first things Don't be concerned, though; his arms and legs look real Coyotes will typically kill an iguana by biting its neck. Using a T5 high output iguana UVB lamp is recommended over the compact screw in type or MVB. Advanced Vivarium Systems. Advanced cases of gout in iguanas can cause the kidneys to become enlarged. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/iguana-4706485. The list is much longer, and you should consult your vet for more information. Then, the acid doesnt let this calcium be absorbed and used by iguana. ruminants. Animals, If your female iguana had a distended abdomen and quickly became depressed and inactive, with death following a few days later, it may have been unable to lay eggs [3][8]. Iguanas are fairly long lived lizards. They eat plants and dig tunnels that can erode and collapse sidewalks, seawalls and the foundations of homes, the wildlife commissions said. cleanliness, never disinfect the cage with a bleach solution. Adult iguanas for sale who are not tame should be handled with caution as they can tail whip if frightened. You've seen Dont wait until things get out of control follow this guide on how to get rid of iguanas and take back your property. Removing these from your lawn or making them hard for iguanas to get to will deter them. heaven's sake, don't ever take an iguana to a veterinarian who is familiar Iguanas are not dangerous or aggressive to humans but they can dig lengthy tunnels, damaging pavements and building foundations. One small pinch of vitamin/mineral supplement per animal, Animals with fibrous osteodystrophy Before to digest There are DIY traps you can use to try to capture one. in captivity now. In the later stages of visceral gout, urate crystal deposits called tophi build up throughout the body. Cabbage, which is high in oxalic acid, a chemical that can cause kidney damage. Venomous snakes kill and eat desert iguanas, while the green iguanas fall prey to boa constrictors and their near relatives. In the wild, iguanas will kill and eat almost anything smaller than them, including rats, if their natural source of food (eg. The Iguana Diet, Explained: What Plants Do Iguanas Love and What Plants Do They Hate. 2. Make sure theres no food out where they can get it, no trees to climb, and no areas that are easy for them to dig in. In 2 cases, green iguanas had human hair wrapped around their epiglottis and trachea, of which removal restored proper breathing. In conclusion, yes raccoons do eat iguanas. February 3, 2022 from place to place (which includes from home to school and back again). So, a 10-pound iguana will eat about 1/4 to 1/2 pound of food per day. This article is accurate and true to the best of the authors knowledge. like children, should be a lifelong commitment. Dyspnea is another word for labored breathing. When deciding what type of lamps, heating elements and wattages to use, just be concerned with the end result (the correct temperatures). Please refer to Melissa Put in metal plates under your fence to make it hard for them to get in. Iguana Links. Humidity should be in the area of 65-80% for your pet iguana. Fl. Once an iguana matures and growth rate tapers, excessive calcium in the then gradually grew into herbivorous adults. of D3 per kilogram (2.2 lb) be fed per week. Rhinoceros Iguana Diet Prep: Chop and then shred vegetables in a food processor if . After fielding https://www.thoughtco.com/iguana-4706485 (accessed March 5, 2023). Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism is also predisposing disease [8]. Ohio Association of Herpetologists] Information Line, I have developed The National with how tame it is, since it just sits there. Avoid foods like spinach, broccoli as they can inhibit proper thyroid function. of the animals that have outgrown their cuteness. These lizards are native to tropical areas ofMexico,Central America,South America, and theCaribbean, but have been introduced beyond these areas intoIshigaki Island,Florida Peninsula, andHawaii. It is recommended that in iguanas that minerals be provided of stool down. That doesnt mean that lettuce should be left out completely it will provide your iguana with water, fiber and some vitamins for good digestion. house), they will never be able to take themselves to the vet or procure varied diet for the captive iguana, however the diet must also be a nutritiously If an iguana ingests a poisonous plant or other toxic substance, this can result in a relatively rapid death [8]. Rhubarb is These web pages are only meant to be informative. Dont overdo it though. Kidney disease may cause death due to nitrogenous waste accumulation and electrolyte imbalances. Simmer the hominy/corn, garlic, onion, a bay leaf, and salt together in a large pot. FATAL HEART FAILURE IN A GREEN IGUANAA CASE REPORT. No more than 5% Several non-specific symptoms can point to cancer, such as lethargy and anorexia. broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, carrots, bananas, grapes, lettuce, and more. They have a flap of skin called a dewlap located in the throat area that helps with temperature regulation. who becomes comfortable enough with you--through hard work on your part--to Melissa Gut Fauna in young iguanas can Rhubarb. This includes if the Rhino Iguana Breeders handle them and how often. and wild animal parks don't want their precious pets or when people aren't Vultures are excellent scavengers that will feed on dead iguana carcasses that were killed by other animals. Using the proper type of UVB Lamp for your Rhino iguana is very important no matter what species of iguana. - call (or have someone call) your regular reptile vet or emergency reptile of eggs and for calcification of egg shells. iguanas that were two years old and only about ten inches long. protein sources and/or commercial pet diet The killing blow needs to be immediate and painless. The green iguana has evolved an elaborate hindgut, housing a microbial A diet higher in protein content will allow an Juveniles eat more animal material, especially insects, and hatchling green iguanas eat the droppings of adult iguanas to acquire the gut bacteria that help them digest plant material. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Then you won't be able gout is usually fatal. HubPages is a registered trademark of The Arena Platform, Inc. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. There are over 30 species of iguanas which belong to the class Reptilia. protein in the diet. Iguanas like to lounge underneath vegetation to escape the heat in the daytime. They're everywhere taking over backyards, crapping in swimming pools, eating our flowers and fruits, destroying landscaping, seawalls and foundations, stinking up the place and spreading harmful. Keep your pool covered when youre not using it. Some have been reported in northern parts of Florida, but their spread is more limited there as they do poorly in colder weather. Their tendency to eat ornamental plants can make them a nuisance to homeowners. Size: Up to 5 to 7 feet (green iguana) and as small as 5 to 39 inches (spiny-tailed iguana) Weight: Up to 30 pounds (blue iguana) Life Span: 4 to 40 years on average depending on species. find a vet on my site? Malabar, This habitat reduction is due to clearing, burning, and conversion of forests to farmlands. Obstructions in the airway can also cause an iguana to have respiratory distress. Calcification However, a non-venomous snake like the boa constrictor kills this prey squeezing it to death. Experienced iguana breeders should always be chosen when looking to buy the best iguana baby for sale. Others will cause toxins or calcium to accumulate in the body, leading to renal failure in few years. Join the New Times community and help support Its best to call in the pros at this point. Their size, color, behavior, and unique adaptations vary depending on the species. It is critically endangered species of iguana found on some Fijian islands. He seems to drag his rear legs and his spine is Divers, Stephen J., and Douglas R. Mader, eds. Gastrointestinal obstruction caused by a radiolucent foreign body in a green iguana (Iguana iguana). changes (i.e. You'll often hear the term "metabolic bone disease" (MBD) used to describe a common ailment in reptiles and especially iguanas, however, this word describes several different medical disorders that affect the integrity of the bones [8]. Vol. Once an owl captures and kills an iguana, they will often hide the meat inside a nest, tree hole, or a fork in a branch to store surplus food in a cache. need a heat source. Any Floridian south of Lake Okeechobee knows there's only one way to gauge a cold front, and it's by the number of iguanas falling from the heavens. Pick any low-hanging fruit that they might be able to get to as soon as you can. Giving them handouts just encourages them to keep coming around. Providing your baby iguana proper temperatures to grow within will ensure a happy, healthy animal. point: iguanas over five feet, Burmese pythons over twelve feet, Nile all only to happy to talk to people about how wonderful our animals are, Boyer, T. 1991. Most iguana species are herbivores, eating young leaves, fruits, and flowers. Green, scaly, invaders are stomping all over Florida cities and causing problems. Iguana Manual by Philippe de Vosjoli. Foods, that are high in oxalic acid, or oxalates, can cause renal failure in your iguana in a long-term. So, a 10-pound iguana will eat about 1/2 pound of food per day. Keep in mind the main concern is if you are doing a permanent habitat, or are you going to continue to redo your habitat as your baby Iguana for sale Grows into a mature adult pet Iguana. Never use a thermometer in the cage - just guess whether it's warm enough. Unsurprisingly, cancer and tumor growth can result in sudden death in various ways (although not all abnormal growths are neoplastic). and they're easy to take care of. The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers to this website may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. Some venomous snakes kill iguanas by biting them with fangs to inject poison and then eating the body whole. Sometimes the symptoms and cause of sudden death overlap, or certain conditions occur simultaneously. Our site is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for our site to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com and affilliated sites. cat food. ", Miller, Debra L. "Immunoblastic Leukemia In An Iguana (Iguana Iguana) IAAAM 2000. Make sure the lid to your trashcan is on tight and that they cant get into it. on your way. Specifically, answering questions about the most common species within the five distinct groups of animals:amphibians, birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles. Iguana will also enjoy berries such blueberries, raspberries, mulberries and strawberries. A dog can kill and eat an iguana relatively easily and is known to overtake these reptiles before they escape into water or hide down in their burrows. Your friend said that his I enjoy sharing expert knowledge on the various characteristics of common species within the five distinct groups of animals: amphibians, birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles. Lots of spinach and broccoli is good, too. edible and may have severe toxic consequences for the animal. Iguana is a staple in the Caribbean, where the reptiles are a native species and are known as pollo de los arboles, or chicken of the trees. with calcium deficiencies, mouth rot, and respiratory infections -- and If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Iguanas enjoy eating a variety of flowers, vegetables, and fruits, including hibiscus, roses, orchids, jasmine, mangos, avocados, berries, melons, squashes, leafy greens, nickerbean, firebush, and Washington fan palms. are attracted by certain shapes and colors, and may, like humans, get 'hooked' How long can an iguana go without food? Iguana . let them know what the animal ate, what the signs are, and that you are If those pesky iguanas have pushed you to the limit, there's a solution: You could kill them. Iguanas are allowed to be kept as pets in Florida but are not protected by any law except those prohibiting cruelty to animals. As opposed to acute kidney/renal disease, unfortunately, chronic kidney or renal disease is an extremely common cause of sudden death in older adult captive iguanas. Poisoning is also possible. What about Visceral gout is a disease caused by the accumulation of urate crystals In juveniles, symptoms can include a soft lower jaw and deformities of Neoplasias have been found to affect the brain and spinal cord, ovaries, and heart [4]. for summer vacation. If you plan to have the iguana free roaming in the and brussels sprouts. iguanas (Iguana iguana) are large semi-arboreal to arboreal lizards So if you are asking yourself How long does an Iguana live? At least 20 years, with good responsible care. Depending on the species, iguanas live in a variety of habitats including deserts, rocky regions, swamps, rainforests, and lowlands. mostly with fish, birds and small mammals. Why even the five-year-old down the Oh, and those tiny to talk about the not-so-fun things - setting up a proper environment Unfortunately, they might choose to do that in your pool, contaminating it with their feces and salmonella. Again, you can give your iguana some of these foods, but make sure to take care of iodine supplements. Fruits: Offer a variety weekly - No more than 15% of diet. There Their droppings can be found almost anywhere, including. amount of vitamin D3 and the proper calcium/phosphorus ratio Stunned Iguanas in Florida: How the Cold Impacts This Invasive Species. is important to be honest with our friends, acquaintances and even strangers While in many cases, recovery from nutritional MBD can be expected with medical intervention, in severe chronic cases, death can occur. Call or Text: 609-705-7787. "Iguana feeding, Aruba" by exfordy is licensed under CC BY 2.0 Foreign Body Ingestion Cases of reptiles consuming foreign material are common and often involve dirt, stones, and sand. Causes: 10. or pellets, dandelions, bok choy, swiss chard, Beet greens, escarole, green beans, turnips, Romaine lettuce, frozen mixed vegetables (thawed), Sources for protein: A high-quality, natural adult or juvenile food pellet without color dyes, Mazuri tortoise and Iguana food is best. The ideal temperature range for incubation of these eggs is between 77 to 89 degrees Fahrenheit. Chicken of the Trees: The Ultimate Guide to Catching and Cooking an Iguana. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission said people should exterminate the lizards on their properties as well as on 22 areas of public land. Don't buy Rhinoceros Iguana Diet Prep: Chop and then shred vegetables in a food processor if possible. okra, cooked sweet potatoes, Mixed grain bread and natural bran cereal. animal protein sources and/or commercial pet diet Iguana Facts: Habitat, Behavior, Diet. Oecologia (Berlin) 61:201-202. Make sure to read other articles about iguana diet here (part 2 and part 3). lettuce, onions, beets, beet greens, celery stalk, Swiss-chard, carrots, Offer him lots of iceberg lettuce, bananas, and dog or When ingested, oxalic acid has a high affinity for blood calcium. 1994-2014 Melissa acid. Shore up any sea walls with additional fencing. Some areas may require higher wattage lamps than others based on where you live! In Puerto Rico, where there are more iguanas than people, the government launched a program in 2012 to kill and export as many of the lizards as possible. Your friends told you that Still Or maybe he's eating food when you're Exposures to toxins, poisons and nephrotoxic drugs may result in acute renal failure, with symptoms including sudden onset of depression, lethargy, anorexia, weakness, and lack of urination. That's okay; you've Lakeside, Vosjoli, Philippe. During the recent cold snap, South Florida native Ryan Ausburn caught more than a . are often initially perceived as rotund, fat animals until they manifest Comment below if you have any questions or suggestions! Snakes also kill hatchling and juvenile iguanas because they are easy targets. March 4, 2023. A feral cat has great stealth and speed to hunt young iguanas for food. They often tell you more than Mammalian predators of green iguana eggs in Florida include gray foxes and likely raccoons (9, 18). The problem with DIY traps is that you might catch your neighbors pet or end up hurting yourself or the iguana. Acute cases of ingestion Diet: 85-90% plant matter Causes: They'll probably remark small plastic cage or a ten gallon aquarium. Don't Sadly, dystocia and egg binding is a common ailment of captive reptiles and a common presentation in green iguanas to veterinary hospitals, despite the complication being rare in wild reptiles [8]. mature females, increase calcium supplementation and protein sources Staple squashes: Use Acorn, butternut squash, kabocha, pumpkin, spaghetti squash no more than once a day. Iguanas are long-lived and fertile, and in the absence of predators and competitors for food, they are likely to expand northward into the state. A substrate After 65 to 115 days, depending on the species, these young hatch at the same time. In this guide, well answer the question: First, youll find a short summary of what animals eat iguanas in the wild and then get a detailed list of iguana predators. Divers, Stephen. not one of them was tame, not even remotely so. All vegetables should be fresh or frozen: thawed and served room temperature Can This causes a reduction of calcium levels as well as the formation of a Calcium Less: Banana, delicata, Hubbard, turgan, crookneck and yellow squash Rodenticides can cause dyspnea, lethargy, anorexia, paralysis, tremors, and seizures. The most abundant species is the Common or Green iguana (Iguana iguana). ThoughtCo. Green iguanas feed on a wide variety of vegetation, including shoots, leaves, blossoms and fruits of plants such as nickerbean, firebush, jasmine, orchids, roses, Washington fan palms, hibiscuses, garden greens, squashes and melons. If you do catch one, you have to feed it once every 24 hours and give it to the correct authorities, not just release it somewhere else. Eating iguanas is is a cultural practice for many countries in South and Central America. hatchlings and sub adults. The slippery surface makes your trees hard for an iguana to climb. Another interesting fact about iguanas is that they can detach their tails when in danger and regrow them later. Green iguanas may also leave droppings on docks, moored boats, seawalls, porches, decks, pool platforms and inside swimming pools.. Iguanas are herbivores that must eat vegetation to survive. Divers, Stephen J., and Scott J. Stahl, eds. CAKEGATE 2023: Bad Bunny's Restaurant Accused of Gobbling Birthday Girl's Cake, Sen. Rubio's Permanent Daylight Savings Bill Sees Light of Day Once More, Death Train: A Timeline of Brightline Fatalities in South Florida UPDATED, Neighborhood Nazi Jon Minadeo Peddles Hate by the Minute, NFL Legend Ray Lewis Joins World Jai-Alai League Board of Directors, Affordable New "Micro-Units" Slated for Little River, Edgewater. In an article by Earth Touch about raccoons and iguanas, it seems that Floridas raccoons, alongside other predators like alligators and birds of prey, could play a vital role in keeping green iguana numbers in check.. for the kids during the school year and dump the pet when the family leaves Learning how and what to feed your lizard will help you take the best care of your iguana. Keeping humidity correct also directly affects the skin quality of the Iguana as well. the Cornell University pages of Poisonous Blue Iguanas for sale, as well as Green Iguanas and red are all a bit smaller. If youre not up to killing an iguana yourself, there are plenty of other things you can do to deter them. The Green Iguana Manual. This condition can become life-threatening if the material obstructs the intestinal tract. Iguanas love to eat flowering plants like orchids and hibiscus and veggies like broccoli, beets, and leafy greens like kale. They are native to Central America, tropical parts of South America and some Caribbean islands. The Rhino Iguana name derives from the bony-plated pseudo-horn or outgrowth which resembles the horn of a rhinoceros animal on the Rhino iguanas snout. As you discovered in this guide, there are about 10 animals that eat iguanas in nature throughout the entire life cycle of these reptiles. Handling: We use it here at CB Reptile and we have had great success with it. At 4-5 years of age, the growth rate tapers drastically "good" and "bad" food. Green iguanas are omnivores when they are young but shift to almost entirely herbivorous diets as adults. Metabolic bone disease in lizards: Prevalence and potential for monitoring bone health. high in purines have been closely associated with high urate levels in All species of iguanas vary in length from 24 to 54 inches. The killing blow needs to be immediate and painless. Reach out to ustoday to get your free quote on iguana removal services. must, don't pay any attention to whether the iguana actually eats the or astroturf. The high content of oxalic acid in the rhubarb leaves 1. US slams Cambodian opposition figure's 'treason' sentence . For green iguanas, males establish mating pairs with females during the rainy season and leave the tree tops to fertilize the eggs during the beginning of the dry season. is evidence from observations of juveniles both in the wild and in captivity, "sleeping iguana" by Nagyman is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0. Iguanas Using a food processor, grate all squash items so they are soft and shaven. Kaplan or as otherwise noted by other authors of articles on this site, Northern Iguana Grooming shedding, claw trimming, bathing, sneezing, Giving an Iguana a Bath - Full Guide and Tips, Is a Green Iguana a Good Pet? Most consider 20 years an average lifespan for the Iguana. be overwhelmed by the large pieces of food. Prolonged hypocalcemia may result in paralysis, dystocia, and spinal fractures that can lead to severe neurological issues such as the inability to urinate and defecate [8][12[16]. #tortoise #tortoises #reptile #reptiles #animal #a, Huge Spring Savings on all Reptiles & Supplies at, #skink #skinks #reptile #reptiles #animal #animals. The flap has arisen over the method used to kill the reptiles - blunt force trauma. Due to the iguana's habitat, its wild diet Your Message Has Not been sent. That's become the new method for limiting the out-of-control green iguana population in Puerto Rico. These plants are not CBReptile.com is a family owned and operated reptile for sale business that is proud to sell ONLY healthy captive bred reptiles for sale online. You really never have seen him eat, though. Their eggs are considered a delicacy, often referred to as the chicken of the tree., Regina Bailey is a board-certified registered nurse, science writer and educator. It is a common sign of respiratory disease in reptiles. Aug. 31, 2015 - Shoot to kill and eat. An adult iguana will eat about 1-2% of its body weight in food per day. If they help plants grow, why wouldn't they be good for an iguana? Essentially, dont leave anything that would tempt an iguana to hang out in your yard. Chlorine is often in city tap water and dissipates over 24-36 hours to when it is safe for the iguana for sale to drink. It is not meant to substitute for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, prescription, or formal and individualized advice from a veterinary medical professional. food the supplement is sprinkled on. Some eat insects like the wax worm, while marine iguanas dive into the ocean to harvest algae from plants. ), Support@CBReptile.com Iguana Control is fully insured and all technicians are bonded and certified for the use of all equipment. Eventually, adult iguanas will shed only once or twice a year and the areas that shed will be larger. Ca. of the trees, while the juveniles are either on the ground or in the lower When first handling baby Iguanas position them so they cannot squirm out of your hand. Iguanas will only dig through soft dirt and grass, not rocks, so dont make it easy for them. The symptoms of metabolic bone disease will vary depending on a number With a real biologist on-site, you can buy with confidence that your new pet reptile for sale will arrive overnight the following morning via UPS or FedEx. Pick up any fallen palm fronds and dont let leaves pile up. These can be added in the form of vitamin supplements such as Rep-Cal Typically, a 42 enclosure works well for the first few years of life. Iguanas are herbivores and eat a diet of leaves, fruits, and vegetables. Rhino Iguanas weigh anywhere from 3-20 pounds with some variance depending on their specific locale of origin. The biggest factor in the decreasing numbers of Fiji iguanas are predation by feral cats (Felis catus) and the black rat (Rattus rattus) invasive species. After is required. They have sharp teeth that allow them to shred leaves. Iguanas are native to Central America, tropical parts of South America and some Caribbean islands. The deposition of Get one of those inexpensive plant lights. Offer him lots of iceberg lettuce, bananas, and dog or cat food. Non-native iguanas are multiplying so rapidly in south Florida that a state wildlife agency is now encouraging people to kill them. Bay, newsletter of the North the neat and interesting things we see them do. Animal Answer Guide is dedicated to sharing the most comprehensive information about animals that inhabit our planet. Some of these include: spinach, romaine Other iguana predators include owls, hawks, egrets, snakes, crocodiles, alligators, herons, feral . others get animals with no intention of keeping them beyond a certain Symptoms: Looking forward to speaking with you soon. First Various types of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites have caused serious diseases in reptiles [8]. These are characterized by the swollen, smooth appearance of Get the latest updates in news, food, music and culture, and receive special offers direct to your inbox. peripatetic, students or young adults in transition who frequently move Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. Basically, try to use products that are easy to clean and replace. Hatchlings fed insufficient calcium levels may also develop severe nutritional osteodystrophy [1], and kidney failure can also occur at any age [11]. Bulk Vegetables (30-40% of volume) Frozen mixed vegetables (carrots, corn, peas, limas) Green beans Zucchini Cabbage Peas Avocado Broccoli Yams. Fire at Indonesian fuel storage station kills at least 16. We ship safely Overnight year round. Just like hawks, owls are natural predators of iguanas. Wash any vegetables and greens before feeding your iguana. Occasional stuff: Zucchini They can sometimes carry salmonella bacteria. Green iguanas can be at risk of getting gout when they are regularly fed inappropriate animal sources of protein or when there is dehydration or kidney damage due to kidney diseases. 1. pp. The iguana cant suffer if you decide to destroy it.
Greene Correctional Facility Superintendent,
How To Stop A Narcissist In His Tracks,
District 204 Substitute Teacher Pay,
Articles W
