Similarly, Robert Beecham, in his memoir, As If It Were Glory, Lanham, Maryland, 1998, p. 166, says of the 23rd U.S.C.T. With a death rate approaching 25%, Elmira was one of the deadliest Union-operated POW camps of the entire war. WebPoolesville Civil War Camps (1861 - 1865), at or near Poolesville Union garrison posts Some narration fills in the material and moves events relentlessly to Civil War. Lights went off, black curtains blanketed windows. [58], Among the prisoners captured by William Goldsborough was his own brother Charles Goldsborough. This program lasts about 45 to 50 minutes, is suitable for adults and young adults, and could be used in classrooms. Archaeological Investigations Elmira Prison, also known as "Hellmira," opened in July of 1864. [86] Democrats therefore re-branded themselves the "Democratic Conservative Party", and Republicans called themselves the "Union" party, in an attempt to distance themselves from their most radical elements during the war. For more than three years - May 1862 through July 1865 - Union soldiers lived, worked, and played on Maryland Heights. [citation needed] This last provision diminished the power of the small counties where the majority of the state's large former slave population lived. The Constitution of 1867 overturned the registry test oath embedded in the 1864 constitution. "Start-up nation? This represented 25% of the Federal force and 31% of the Confederate. George P. McClelland served with the 155th Pennsylvania Infantry, Army of the Potomac, from August 1862 to his discharge in June 1865. civil War original matches. Most Marylanders fought for the Union, but after the war a number of memorials were erected in sympathy with the Lost Cause of the Confederacy, including in Baltimore a Confederate Women's Monument, and a Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument. The single bloodiest day of combat in American military history occurred during the first major Confederate invasion of the North in the Maryland Campaign, just north above the Potomac River near Sharpsburg in Washington County, at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862. WebCivil War camps on the "EASTERN SHORE" of MARYLAND. Of the more than 150 prisons established during the war, the following eightexamples illustrate the challenges facing the roughly 400,000 men who had been imprisoned by war's end. 228-259 listing more than 300 men born in Maryland. Camp Washington (3) - A Union U.S. Civil War Camp in New York (1861-1862). Florence Stockade operated from September 1864 to February 1865 and 15,000 to 18,000 Union soldiers were processed through the camp. They were filthy in the extreme, covered in verminnearly all were extremely emaciated; so much so that they had to be cared for even like infants.". [75] The Marylanders serving in the Union Army were overwhelmingly in favor of the new Constitution, supporting ratification by a margin of 2,633 to 263.[75]. False history marginalizes African Americans and makes us all dumber", Point Lookout History, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, "TimesMachine April 15, 1865 - New York Times", "Lee-Jackson Memorial" Smithsonian Art Inventories Catalog, "Confederate monuments taken down in Baltimore overnight", www.waymarking.com Rockville Civil War Monument - Rockville, Maryland, "As Confederate symbols come down, 'Talbot Boys' endures", National Park Service map of Civil War sites in Maryland, List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials, List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic, Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol, List of Confederate monuments and memorials, Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials. Book sales and signings can be included, with all of the sales proceeds going to Montgomery History. [61], One of the bloodiest battles fought in the Civil war (and one of the most significant) was the Battle of Antietam, fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, in which Marylanders fought with distinction for both armies. Overcrowding brutalized camp conditions in many ways. William A. Dobak, Freedom by the Sword, Skyhorse Publishing, 2013, Eastern Theater of the American Civil War, constitution which the state adopted in 1864, Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, History of the Maryland Militia in the Civil War, List of Maryland Confederate Civil War units. Approximately a tenth as many enlisted to "go South" and fight for the Confederacy. The use of triage, general anesthesia, and pain management will be discussed. The Maryland legislature refused to ratify both the 14th Amendment, which conferred citizenship rights on former slaves, and the 15th Amendment, which gave the vote to African Americans. WebCivil War Prison Camps Suffering and Survival Harpers Weekly depiction of [74] Article 24 of the constitution at last outlawed the practice of slavery. Andersonville was more than eight times over-capacity at its peak. WebMaryland in the American Civil War. In the presidential election of 1860 Lincoln won just 2,294 votes out of a total of 92,421, only 2.5% of the votes cast, coming in at a distant fourth place with Southern Democrat (and later Confederate general) John C. Breckinridge winning the state. He also served two terms as Acting Assistant Surgeon with the Union Army. In other words, the Assembly members could only agree to state that the war was being fought over the issue of secession. WebOver the nine years (1933 - 1942) the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) operated in Maryland , there was an average of twenty-one CCC Camps in the state and any given time, with 15 of these camps sponsored by the State Board of Forestry and located in State Forests and State Parks. We Were There, Too: Nurses in the Civil War Reenactor: Candace Ridington. Was he right, or was he just telling another tall soldiers tale? Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, Antietam Camp #3. Situated on a 54-acre island within the James River, a stone's throw away from the Confederate capital of Richmond, Belle Isle received the ire of Northern politicians and poets alike. Point Lookout, Union POW camp for Confederate soldiers, was established after the Battle of Gettysburg and was open from August 1863 to June 1865. Congressman Henry May (D-Maryland) was imprisoned without charge and without recourse to habeas corpus in Fort Lafayette. Emancipation did not immediately bring citizenship for former slaves. [63], While Major General George B. McClellan's 87,000-man Army of the Potomac was moving to intercept Lee, a Union soldier discovered a mislaid copy of the detailed battle plans of Lee's army, on Sunday 14 September. MARYLAND ESTATE CIVIL WAR REGIMENTAL FLAGPOLE EAGLE FINIAL, BOOK DOCUMENTED TYPE. The story of Rockvilles Dora Higgins and her experiences during the Civil War. Visit places and meet people who faced decisions and experienced wartime during those tumultuous times 150 years ago. This PowerPoint presentation covers both the Civil War history of the camps at Muddy Branch and the history and archaeology of its outpost blockhouse and camp located within, Dr. Edward Stonestreet of Rockville served as Montgomery County Examining Surgeon in 1862, performing physical examinations on local Union Army recruits and draftees. MARYLAND ESTATE CIVIL WAR REGIMENTAL FLAGPOLE EAGLE FINIAL, BOOK DOCUMENTED TYPE. [23] At this time the legislature seems to have wanted to avoid involvement in a war against its southern neighbors.[24]. WebColonial Wars Pequot War French & Iroquois Wars King Philip's War Pueblo Rebellion King William's War Queen Anne's War Tuscarora War Dummer's War King George's War French & Indian War Pontiac's Rebellion Lord Dunmore's War American Wars Revolutionary War Tripolitan War Tecumseh's War War of 1812 Creek Indian War The First Seminole War Limited rations, consisting of cornmeal, beef and/or bacon, resulted in extreme Vitamin-C deficiencies which often times led to deadly cases of scurvy. In the early months of the camp's existence, the conditions inside Salisbury were quite good, relatively speaking. Camp Washington (2) - A U.S. Army Camp in Maryland (1880s). He and his comrades had been captured during a bloody battle at Plymouth, North Carolina. 3. 6306239). [59], On 6 September 1862 advancing Confederate soldiers entered Frederick, Maryland, the home of Colonel Bradley T. Johnson, who issued a proclamation calling upon his fellow Marylanders to join his colors. Abolition of slavery in Maryland came before the end of the war, with a new third constitution voted approval in 1864 by a small majority of Radical Republican Unionists then controlling the nominally Democratic state. The order came again from Lincoln's Secretary of State Seward. Confederate States Army bands would later play the song after they crossed into Maryland territory during the Maryland Campaign in 1862.[13]. Based on a letter that Dora, an ardent abolitionist, wrote to her mother describing her trials as rebel general J.E.B. The battle of Antietam, though tactically a draw, was strategically enough of a Union victory to give Lincoln the opportunity to issue, in September 1862, the Emancipation Proclamation. Questions? Rockvilles divisions over slavery and the war can serve as an illustration of the divisions in Maryland and the United States as a whole. The destruction was accomplished the next day. The Confederate General A. P. Hill described, the most terrible slaughter that this war has yet witnessed. [45], The 1st Maryland Infantry Regiment was officially formed on June 16, 1861, and, on June 25, two additional companies joined the regiment in Winchester. In September 1863, Rebel prisoners totaled 4,000 men. Meanwhile, General Winfield Scott, who was in charge of military operations in Maryland indicated in correspondence with the head of Pennsylvania troops that the route through Baltimore would resume once sufficient troops were available to secure Baltimore.[17]. Some witnesses said he shouted "The South is avenged! Civil War era Rare Officer's Traveling Inkwell with Because Maryland had not seceded from the United States the state was not included under the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, which declared that all enslaved people within the Confederacy would henceforth be free. A Field Guide to Civil War Statues in WashingtonSpeaker: James H. Johnston. No wooden structures were furnished for the prisoners at Belle Isle. McCausland had the city burned down. [45] It was agreed that Arnold Elzey, a seasoned career officer from Maryland, would command the 1st Maryland Regiment. One smallpox outbreak claimed the lives over 300 men during the winter of 1862 alone. The very nomination of Abraham Lincoln, four years ago, spoke plainly war upon Southern rights and institutions And looking upon African Slavery from the same stand-point held by the noble framers of our constitution, I for one, have ever considered it one of the greatest blessings (both for themselves and us,) that God has ever bestowed upon a favored nation I have also studied hard to discover upon what grounds the right of a State to secede has been denied, when our very name, United States, and the Declaration of Independence, both provide for secession.[80]. ", Cannon, Jessica Ann. During the early summer of 1861, several thousand Marylanders crossed the Potomac to join the Confederate Army. However, as the war progressed, the conditions at Salisbury plummeted. Author Robert Plumb reads from McClellands letters and narrative excerpts from his book, Between 1861 and 1865, some 29 Union regiments from 13 states stationed at Muddy Branch guarded the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Potomac River crossings in the general area between Seneca and Pennyfield Locks. He never shows in the day time & is cautious who sees him at any time.[56]. Request one of the following Speakers Bureau topics through our, We Were There, Too: Nurses in the Civil War. This is a PowerPoint lecture. In the depths of Georgia, they discovered that their hardships were far from over: "As we entered the place, a spectacle met our eyes that almost froze our blood with horrorbefore us were forms that had once been active and erectstalwart men, now nothing but mere walking skeletons, covered with filth and verminMany of our men exclaimed with earnestness, 'Can this be hell?'". During the American Civil War (18611865), Maryland, a slave state, was one of the border states, straddling the South and North. WebBetween 1861 and 1865, American Civil War prison camps were operated by the Union Despite some popular support for the cause of the Confederate States of America, Maryland did not secede during the Civil War. Despite some popular support for the cause of the Confederate States of America, Maryland did not secede during the Civil War. [68] Quartermaster John Howard recalled that Steuart performed "seventeen double somersaults" all the while whistling Maryland, My Maryland. Harris states that Lincoln may or may not have been aware of this communication. The rebellious States are to be brought back to their places in the Union, without change or diminution of their constitutional rights.[73]. The Man Who (Almost) Conquered Washington: Gen. John McCauslandSpeaker: James H. Johnston. Yes No An official form of the United States government. In 1864, before the end of the War, a constitutional convention outlawed slavery in Maryland. Modern estimates place the total deaths close to 1,000 men, however, period assessments varied greatly. Confederate forces under Lt. Gen. Jubal A. [26], Butler went on to occupy Baltimore and declared martial law, ostensibly to prevent secession, although Maryland had voted solidly (5313) against secession two weeks earlier,[27] but more immediately to allow war to be made on the South without hindrance from the state of Maryland,[25] which had also voted to close its rail lines to Northern troops, so as to avoid involvement in a war against its southern neighbors. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (18611865) suspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus from Washington to Philadelphia. Marylands POW Camps in World War II. Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, Antietam Camp #3. ContactMatthew Gagleor call 301-340-2825. Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press, Whitman H. Ridgway. Archaeological work is continuing on the only blockhouse now located on county park land at Blockhouse Point. His executive officer was the Marylander George H. Steuart, who would later be known as "Maryland Steuart" to distinguish him from his more famous cavalry colleague J.E.B. The issue of slavery was finally confronted by the constitution which the state adopted in 1864. [33], The Merryman decision created a sensation, but its immediate impact was rather limited, as the president simply ignored the ruling. When the writ was delivered to General Andrew Porter Provost Marshal of the District of Columbia he had both the lawyer delivering the writ and the United States Circuit Judge, Marylander William Matthew Merrick, who issued the writ, arrested to prevent them from proceeding in the case United States ex rel. The constitution was submitted to the people for ratification on October 13, 1864 and it was narrowly approved by a vote of 30,174 to 29,799 (50.31% to 49.69%) in a vote likely overshadowed by the heavy presence of Union troops in the state and the repression of Confederate sympathizers. WebThe Civil War Camps at Muddy Branch and the Outpost Camp and Blockhouse at [47], Captain Bradley T. Johnson refused the offer of the Virginians to join a Virginia Regiment, insisting that Maryland should be represented independently in the Confederate army. I don't want to issue a document the whole world will see must be inoperative, like the Pope's Bull against a comet. [citation needed]. WebAfter the battle of Gettysburg, Confederate prisoners were sent to Point Lookout Prison [18], Responding to pressure, on April 22 Governor Hicks finally announced that the state legislature would meet in a special session in Frederick, a strongly pro-Union town, rather than the state capital of Annapolis. WebSeal of Maryland during the war. Civil War Campgrounds Marker Inscription. However, Wallace delayed Early for nearly a full day, buying enough time for Ulysses S. Grant to send reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac to the Washington defenses. WebParole Camp Annapolis, Maryland, 1864. The First American President: Setting the Precedent, African Americans During the Revolutionary War, Save 42 Historic Acres at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Phase Three of Gaines Mill-Cold Harbor Saved Forever Campaign, An Unparalleled Preservation Opportunity at Gettysburg Battlefield, For Sale: Three Battlefield Tracts Spanning Three Wars, Preserve 128 Sacred Acres at Antietam and Shepherdstown. More Americans died in battle on September 17, 1862, than on any other day in the nation's military history. Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. As the Sesquicentennial of the Civil War continues, discover Marylands authentic stories through one However, the issues raised by Andersonville were shared by many camps on both sides. Around 70,000 soldiers passed through Camp Parole until Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant assumed command as General-in-Chief of the Union Army in 1864, and ended the system of prisoner exchanges.[72]. Of the Trimble count, McKim states The estimate above alluded to, of 20,000 Marylanders in the Confederate service, rests apparently upon no better basis than an oral statement of General Cooper to General Trimble, in which he said he believed that the muster rolls would show that about 20,000 men in the Confederate army had given the State of Maryland as the place of their nativity. The disorder inspired James Ryder Randall, a Marylander living in Louisiana, to write a poem which would be put to music and, in 1939, become the state song, "Maryland, My Maryland" (it remained the official state song until March 2021). Closed in 1865. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (nps.gov) parallels the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., to Antietam. WebEmerging Civil War Series. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. The lack of substantial and adequate shelter compounded the prisoners' plight on Belle Isle and increased the amount of death and suffering brought on by disease and exposure. Next, was an encounter between some of Stuarts soldiers and the students of a female academy in Rockville, thus delaying the army again. Every purchase supports the mission. There formerly was a Confederate monument behind the courthouse in Rockville, Maryland, dedicated to "the thin grey line". Indeed, on the whole there appear to have been twice as many black Marylanders serving in the U.S.C.T. The battlefield medical care offered to Americas military today has its roots firmly planted in the innovative medical care of the American Civil War. The new constitution came into effect on November 1, 1864, making Maryland the first Union slave state to abolish slavery since the beginning of the war. Belle Isle operated from 1862 to 1865. Camp Washington (3) - A Union U.S. Civil War Camp in New York (1861-1862). Col. Hoffman forced Confederate prisoners to sleep outside in the open while furnishing them with little to no shelter. [45] Among them were members of the former volunteer militia unit, the Maryland Guard Battalion, initially formed in Baltimore in 1859. "Through Storm and Sunshine": Valorous Vivandires in the Civil War, Point Lookout State Park and Civil War Museum. Whether this was due to local sympathy with the Union cause or the generally ragged state of the Confederate army, many of whom had no shoes, is not clear. Not all those who sympathised with the rebels would abandon their homes and join the Confederacy. Request one of the following Speakers Bureau topics through ouronline form! South All along the East Coast blackout drills were preparing citizens against Hitlers Luftwaffe that were blitzing London. Between 1861 and 1865, some 29 Union regiments from 13 states stationed at Muddy Branch guarded the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Potomac River crossings in the general area between Seneca and Pennyfield Locks. Stuarts Wild Ride Through Montgomery CountySpeaker: Robert Plumb. It was actually two miles downriver in a placid, sandy-bottomed part of the Potomac on John Rowzees farm. Antietam Camp #3 is part of the Department of the Chesapeake, which includes Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. Named Camp Hoffman probably after William A. Hoffman, commissioner-general of prisoners. $199.99 + $17.99 shipping. as the first southern city occupied by the Union Army. [15] One of the men involved in this destruction would be arrested for it in May without recourse to habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman ruling. An honor system was set up where each side would take care of housing its own soldiers who had been designated as being on parole, meaning they would not fight in combat unless they were formally exchanged. [20] On April 29, the Legislature voted decisively 5313 against secession,[21][22] though they also voted not to reopen rail links with the North, and they requested that Lincoln remove Union troops from Maryland. 45-50 minutes. [86], The legacies of the debate over Lincoln's heavy-handed actions that were meant to keep Maryland within the union include measures such as arresting one third of the Maryland General Assembly, which was controversially ruled unconstitutional at the time by Maryland native Justice Roger Taney, and in the lyrics of the former Maryland state song, Maryland, My Maryland, which referred to Lincoln as a "despot," a "vandal," and, a "tyrant.". Confederate casualties were 10,318 with 1,546 dead. Camp Washington (2) - A U.S. Army Camp in Maryland (1880s). ", Schearer, Michael. [citation needed] Most of these volunteers tended to hail from southern and eastern counties of the state, while northern and western Maryland furnished more volunteers for the Union armies. WebThirty pen and ink maps of the Maryland Campaign, 1862 : drawn from descriptive readings and map fragments Names Russell, Robert E. L. Created / Published Baltimore : Robert E. Lee Russell, 1932. WebDuring the Civil War Era, Point Lookout was first a hospital for wounded Union soldiers and then a Civil War prison camp for captured Confederate soldiers. War produced a legacy of bitter resentment in politics, with the Democrats being identified with "treason and rebellion", a point much pressed home by their opponents. [45] This is the only time in United States military history that two regiments of the same numerical designation and from the same state have engaged each other in battle. WebOfficially named Camp Hoffman, the 40-acre prison compound was established north of The 1860 Federal Census[7] showed there were nearly as many free blacks (83,942) as slaves (87,189) in Maryland, although the latter were much more dominant in southern counties. As a result, the Rebels spent their winters shivering in biting cold and their summers in sweltering, pathogen-laden heat. Alton Federal Prison, originally a civilian criminal prison, also exhibited the same sort of horrifying conditions brought on by overcrowding. Life in a CCC Camp Literate and evocative, the letters convey an authentic perspective of a soldier who experienced one of the bloodiest and most transformative wars in American history. Prisoners relied upon their own ingenuity for constructing drafty and largely inadequate shelters consisting of sticks, blankets, and logs. And then theres that Chambersburg thing. His grandson didnt want to talk about it. WebThe Battle of Monocacy (also known as Monocacy Junction) was fought on July 9, 1864, about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Frederick, Maryland, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 during the American Civil War. [9], After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, many citizens began forming local militias, determined to prevent a future slave uprising. [52], Overall, the Official Records of the War Department credits Maryland with 33,995 white enlistments in volunteer regiments of the United States Army and 8,718 African American enlistments in the United States Colored Troops. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Confederate States presidential election of 1861, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=1142195385, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Scharf, J. Thomas (1967 (reissue of 1879 ed.)). By October of 1864, the number of Union prisoners inside Salisbury swelled to more than 5,000 men, and within a few more months that number skyrocketed to more than 10,000. (2021), Schoeberlein, Robert W. "'A Record of Heroism': Baltimores Unionist Women in the Civil War", This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 01:19. In July 1864 the Battle of Monocacy was fought near Frederick, Maryland as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864. However, across the state, sympathies were mixed. WebCivil War Camps in and Near Howard County, Maryland. Jubal Earlys Attack on WashingtonSpeaker: James H. Johnston. On May 13, 1861 General Benjamin F. Butler entered Baltimore by rail with 1,000 Federal soldiers and, under cover of a thunderstorm, quietly took possession of Federal Hill. Union camp leadership was largely to blame for the death toll. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. The areas of Southern and Eastern Shore Maryland, especially those on the Chesapeake Bay (which neighbored Virginia), which had prospered on the tobacco trade and slave labor, were generally sympathetic to the South, while the central and western areas of the state, especially Marylanders of German origin,[5] had stronger economic ties to the North and thus were pro-Union. Duncan, Richard Ray. How many were citizens of Maryland when they enlisted does not appear. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! Because our textbooks and monuments are wrong. [1] In the leadup to the American Civil War, it became clear that the state was bitterly divided in its sympathies. Prison camps during the Civil War were potentially more dangerous and more terrifying than the battles themselves. All Rights Reserved. Early defeated Union forces under Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace.The battle was part of Early's raid through the Frederick County and Washington County, MD | Sep 14, 1862. The poet Walt Whitman was driven to comment on the shocking living arrangements at Belle Isle after encountering surviving prisoners, appalled at "the measureless torments of thehelpless young men, with all their humiliations, hunger, cold, filth, despair, hope utterly given out, and the more and more frequent mental imbecility.". A brochure published by the home in the 1890s described it as: a haven of rest to which they may retire and find refuge, and, at the same time, lose none of their self-respect, nor suffer in the estimation of those whose experience in life is more fortunate.[83]. Most of the men enlisted into regiments from Virginia or the Carolinas, but six companies of Marylanders formed at Harpers Ferry into the Maryland Battalion. The abolition of slavery in Maryland preceded the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution outlawing slavery throughout the United States and did not come into effect until December 6, 1865. Subscribe to the American Battlefield Trust's quarterly email series of curated stories for the curious-minded sort! It is located along the coast of Maryland only five feet above sea level, on approximately 30 acres of level land. WebThe Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area is ideally positioned to serve as your "base camp" for driving the popular Civil War Trails and visiting the battlefields and sites of Antietam, Gettysburg, Monocacy, South Mountain, Harpers Ferry, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. But the markers, and history, misplace the site. [40], In another controversial arrest that fall, and in further defiance of Chief Justice Taney's ruling, a sitting U.S. My troops are on Federal Hill, which I can hold with the aid of my artillery. To serve as early warning stations on bluffs overlooking the Potomac, Union troops built a series of blockhouses. [82] A home for retired Confederate soldiers in Pikesville, Maryland opened in 1888 and did not close until 1932. J.E.B. State's participation as a Union slave state; a border state, Marylanders fought both for the Union and the Confederacy, Constitution of 1864, and the abolition of slavery. Early defeated Union troops under Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace. Web18CH305 Introduction Camp Stanton describes the US Colored Troop Civil War military encampment on the Patuxent River in Charles County, Maryland.
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