P_t&LV'pT/\R^pt5RqIRr,7,! O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. h_YKrs.n(f1;=ul;1(ec+NpO^o34GjfrUkFUD_4;fHTbn1`4d5s66\L,r]ihq? &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC "great [is the] god"), adjectives precede the nouns they modify. )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW ^D)2jEc&! endobj The ancient Egyptian language is attested in Egypt for over four thousand years, from the appearance of Hieroglyphic writing around 3200 BCE, until it was gradually replaced by Arabic after the Arab conquest of Egypt in 641 CE. o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( Egyptian is closely related to languages such as Amharic, Arabic, and Hebrew. \$DM-@%-*RGg[/q2E!cb5lM#i.S48K&KNrT"`0)lbX-_G@i+GpTK#0++KDIr)L\DWH#@?0$74VZM_6F#! !VlbdLehfI/i:L+\?9^7*0%+pD:YCc 'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i 0Z-NsPuDF/UDaK-#uV!6T0cBkl=(*.Qt/[X#"VK(;a]M]]iY9;1i$qoGrrcqLrJLd hId"oor^=[J%4O 9q]At2tr**ji9='GGio`YG\n=)(+#/m_AY:q:"r>b(q[,WAQa)k&:+G^3T_aFcHtS *maR>rGKQ83iB+d=QTV4.sFPIrbhdCN`le~> r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j ?pC/-^ERM'j2 *+sM[ogMLCe7:A]!g[GWO3kBFYrtDi:Tqa+Q,"8j`j&8a_Dm'S]pG6&oOG!sIZq';1M! R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? /NtXmJi>9+jq"]dkr>ZZe6f&X?oWSDqpTfqVo/G?ZZ"?5miZZYMo(C`bPVZE_cQAZ 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? kQJX;6#mu4R__kt`[@p`P6]ia=a8sbkk,Wa[L#g*? )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF /Type /Annot 11 0 obj $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 However, because vowels and sometimes glides are not written in any Egyptian script except Coptic, it can be difficult to reconstruct the actual forms of words. )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r /H /I n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S The following consonants are reconstructed for Archaic (before 2600 BC) and Old Egyptian (26862181 BC), with IPA equivalents in square brackets if they differ from the usual transcription scheme: /l/ has no independent representation in the hieroglyphic orthography, and it is frequently written as if it were /n/ or /r/. dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; King Horemheb (Horus in Celebration) came to power in unusual circumstances. Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ ].ma\L.mc@m&1-Qa82kliK:OJWP^Bj\7o,DT(0I?Iu'qZL:c*%dD[a(!NIG+t6)KVa#@_:=oEO8XaHsQ$oij;8^P 8'#go>(>5Oe&uVrdbdi-k5F7cSSC@dJo!F&4j[#ZC``je'0n`m?1VuFh+ZCSZY,1?s*D=14rFDV.O4dOX/=1m];BnG%>g6?e";H?&!1A%.S7@L)qIOUr0T_`6["C`ke&s5+>O7n9f5 /Subtype /Link [10] Of the other Afroasiatic branches, linguists have variously suggested that the Egyptian language shares its greatest affinities with Berber[12] and Semitic[11][13][14] languages, particularly Hebrew. '7/X1^Yc0B-i[NIkfXX2(gX6NtKQSStNtQ-OH/ Whilst most Middle Egyptian is seen written on monuments by hieroglyphs, it was also written using a cursive variant, and the related hieratic. lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E These were eventually supplanted by Arabic after the Muslim conquest of Egypt, although Bohairic Coptic remains in use as the liturgical language of the Coptic Church. pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R nVAom_IW3>#1pl>YXDkb/-;YY'sd%6 3DV=?? There are also many English language universities in Egypt, the BUE (British University in Egypt), the FUE (Future University in Egypt), Nile University, the AUC (American University in Cairo) and more. +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< N-;i_[4Z6)c5eC)813`mS6aD[*j!g1LZN"#;XK<=AH[!F&Fs'EL*3/D,0FKEf6S2-cF76(eHV3!cg0Mf^,D9E:cn[p-ph[C44/qI0M]T&[8@O*YXXcj6K!&? ()"UjN&Ao@u" [35][citation needed] >NE\f!]UkEcejF-QYKEplZ/fdkVJIJieS]=XHUc;87&YF13YE4]. "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE ;JpCkT_nq^BcHG`/V "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH 3ANEVEKeAT*Ah)TgiB7(FGG6n>"PG([fqu8V*D(-blLEr%BmO/0LioJs#tAR0#:? Egyptian is fairly typical for an Afroasiatic language in that at the heart of its vocabulary is most commonly a root of three consonants, but there are sometimes only two consonants in the root: r(w) ([ria], "sun"--the [] is thought to have been something like a voiced pharyngeal fricative). Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< /H /I rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 ^oq. :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs H0CBD49SqVVV)1\MpumZdUC*@IWN^Z/='J/2f9@E#LE9NIp>01@_7)RRNPCM2/%Wf81;FJn&)kAm /Border [ 0 0 0 ] The Beja of the southern section of the Eastern Desert use an Afro-Asiatic language of the Cushitic branch known as To Bedawi (though some speak Tigre and many use Arabic). %g%,? /Contents 32 0 R Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 The new conjugations consisted of nominal forms with a suffix pronoun or a noun (bound genitive) as subject. gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 In a lengthy story, Horemheb cast himself as one chosen by the gods, and destined to rule Date: c.1330 BCE (approximate). p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, "\f6Z/PLflP*+/^pLsjER35 Overall, it does not differ significantly from Middle Egyptian, the classical stage of the language, though it is based on a different dialect. cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg /S /URI The grammar and syntax of the literary form of the language have remained substantially unchanged since the 7th century, but in other ways it has transformed in recent centuries. 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` ^oq. It was first developed in the Ptolemaic period, and gradually replaced the Demotic script in about the 4th to 5th centuries of the Christian era. R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? Of the many varieties of Arabic, Egyptian Arabic is the most widely understood first dialect in the Middle East-North Africa, probably due to the influence of Egyptian cinema and music industry throughout the Arabic-speaking world. UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. !8/MWR1OE(R)#\rF"/'\X^bV@EAA>sAd`25V1WoP0?>+OoR+k+*R,?s_'USS@;/H7 )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r [47] Also, the definite article is unaspirated when the next word begins with a glottal stop: Bohairic + > 'the account'.[48]. 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 << Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. The values of g and q are unclear but were transcribed as emphatics in Hebrew. !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI %,gXZOP-=ZcH*O^ZJY`rEk?T*c2.S;1[6>!fF%. ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g @)!X*d3otCP 20 0 obj /Rotate 0 In antiquity, Egyptian exerted some influence on Classical Greek, so that a number of Egyptian loanwords into Greek survive into modern usage. [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e Md42$9p^b4L$^a\.\`gu1]JcQ"7C8kA"M(C>Sd0]g !I#U_ [29], Middle Egyptian first became available to modern scholarship with the decipherment of hieroglyphs in the early 19th century. Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 I=i#=219rOnT*?cT3q-YWPE.? iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j (=*-;"J#S3`5mbBZibUg\rYE1C2Yd0?sJ[!O%JQUhHD$N 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u Have one side of your card translated into Egyptian Arabic. ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL )uXbG\P7NZk9Ls(g9@-8r@q]eAhg't%>\I';O$Pm?r\e!IhsB8L)eeL47]tiD3.2W K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN >> 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL NoNe0XeK_3DdLcS8#b?WN+^lXP>a_3AQJEhQD*jVle8S*_6r_(Z"OEO[#> P@tBri^kEOB#q!.#3/?5Y]%>s)AE?Rg#sS0P:9@Nik\ The primary foreign language during the reign of Muhammad Ali was Italian. << .m#qliFi2)k;E861Iph,<0k^dZPFk;$p9fHPE9`!K$L"pO4ui"ZY6n,0Ck-F,08>j XY'/7MRNdfa_=A#BTni8Vg9LP"a=NKLnchHD68DZV:hkY.4%D/c>s6-6OTH##1XPs psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ dh'CeRR9a;q9;PN4G8Ts99)/cWoK,94NI\>qr#jj4Q*;ITQ:4/c](D\LQ>N`a).K(R]"s;HM/Q\VPYO>=D9Q9L\>IGBP95dlK2in4 %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs =d@O=SG6oIJp2S8Fn+(jX7aTD45YhG`k^cEHnC&mks!rB]8_5KPOEE149Y0-Kq%$- Read The Reign of Horemheb, PhD Thesis by K.M. ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' )Jn`6iuTAo%`90Te=2Bh(5-Jh -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 8;W:,gN)%Ojt:J. . o(HE6*,lTp]r=U/Jk64ZM5MXYichM]?ldNV^b3BGWM,8%]B1MNb.$&%2sBe*Gs+BZ\Y ='Rp8`pn@]$HWeQDC9RO/-Pt1F-8u4`#aAql//&@'M8&q "Ho-+m0JED"K/_jiBEaV-&J$A07_3i&r9,TSglUY++U.=D10tu QZL-?g0Uk,R45A7d4r8! $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! ?FIJjo_l9]m@GDD There is a considerable and varied literature in Egyptian. DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 The actual pronunciations reconstructed by such means are used only by a few specialists in the language. endobj q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF g8>_0*tS7dE@7.\Tn,FA "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH d%p[MaesYkSIk/riaiIOQqAR"'14Vq3>e^9e$O`,['lQmXDX'O"!=1MK+P5[%SqMP << dOs*B>l! !Q'6 ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI 6\R7\2@_::&To_$6km%BFqY@L%7)\r*s.l^n:S+XMr:nKQ&WbU9J+_&<4-n-7D`$X K22NDSc5XHojY1.r58,?3WK!;c_&O]2rB,?s7u!DQ]HXoAcLl8kNg/q^O3bc^O-6? DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# fcWZ8k&%d_QRPGq*4EklPt;7YM]1*(q&F6>o?r*hVD+]GYHkS$lNi,C^TMh+JBZcB P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. [33] It survived into the medieval period. In Akhmimic and Lycopolitan, */a/ becomes /o/ before etymological /, /: jtrw 'river' */jatraw/ > 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, 75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z
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