Phacaseim: priests, countrymen, philosophers The clothing would serve manypurposes such as garments, blanket Both men and women sharedthe same types of clothing but lengths and style varied Fabric was brightly coloured and dyed and decorated. Our mythological clothing is designed to show off the wearer's might and confidence. Package Dimensions : 10 x 8 x 1 inches; 4.8 Ounces. Greek plays were either comedies or tragedies. Goddess of Aeaea and magic. The Etruscans also had a close affinity of dress with the Minoans, with sewn and fitted garments, bright colouring, rich decoration, and an abundance of beautiful jewelry, especially in gold. TheGreeks enjoyed singing and dancing. Goddess of love, desire and beauty. Linen and wool were two of the most common fabrics used for clothing in ancient Greece. TheAncient Greeks wore simple, light, loose, homemade clothes,made to get the most usage. Most items used to make cosmetics were natural Pale skin was in fashion but harmfulproducts were used to achieve it. The last worshippers of the Greek gods were on the Mani Peninsula of Greece around 800 A.D. Also see Why Did Greek Gods Marry Their Siblings? Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment. Plays were either spoken or sung in rhyme. Pieces were generally interchangeable between men and women. CHITON worn by both men and women The major impact in our livestoday are in the arts, in philosophy, and in science, math, literature and politics. As we've . Mythology Clothing Co. is a clothing brand dedicated to respecting and sharing greek mythology, norse mythology, chinese mythology, and other ancient myths and proverbs through clothing. [1], The himation was a simple outer garment worn over the peplos or chiton. Literary sources tell of a linen girdle and a band to delineate the breasts. Both sexes went barefoot indoors but outside wore leather sandals. CHITON worn by both men and women 2. Ancient Greek Dress. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Goddess of Destiny. Infants and young children often went naked. It was placed around the body and fastened at the shoulders with a pin or brooch. 2d ed. Chiton were of two types: the Doric chiton and the Ionic chiton. [1] To deal with the bulk sometimes a strap, or anamaschalister was worn around the neck, brought under the armpits, crossed in the back, and tied in the front. For almost two thousand years, Greece has been a predominantly Christian nation. Under either garment, a woman might have worn a soft band, known as a strophion, around the mid-section of the body. Apollo. Some followers dress in modern clothes, while others wear tunics, armor, and other clothes reminiscent of the ancient past. Do not mate different kinds of animals. Expensive linen was sheer; nudity was not taboo in Ancient Greece. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_dress It was draped diagonally over one shoulder or symmetrically over both shoulders, like a stole. Greece/Greek-Clothing.html, Government planning to boost Indian textiles by assigning consultants, Cotton best choice for non-surgical face masks: ICAC, Sustainability/ Waste Management/ Recycling/Up-cycling, ABWA Students Showcase Their Artistic Talent And Dedication To Community Service Through Successful Fundraising Events, hycuTEC the focus of many discussions at the FILTECH trade fair, Electric Vehicle Fluids Market worth USD 8,644 million by 2030, Grading of Mesta fibre found in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, Spinning Geometry of Ring Spinning Machine. Linen was made from flax plants and was a lighter material, used in warmer weather. Only male citizens of Rome were allowed to wear togas,a large piece of cloth around 18 feet long and 6 feet wide,draped across the shoulders and around the body, over a plain white linen tunic. The festival honors Prometheus, a minor Titan who stole fire from the gods and gave it to mankind. White and red were worn bypoor people. Leviticus 19:19 says, "Keep my decrees. [41], Embas () and Embates (), was a closed boot. Made from cattle hide, animal skin and leather thick sole for war. The Greeks colonized southern Italy and Sicily from the later 7th century bce, but it was the Etruscans who introduced a high standard of civilization, in the previous century, to the central region of the peninsula. They oftenborrowed the trends and some styles from Greece and adoptedtheir ideas of clothing styles. Nudity was also common on the athletic fields and at the Olympic games. [23], Phoinikis () was a military chlamys. Classical Greek and Hellenistic statues sometimes depict Greek women with both their head and face covered by a veil. The God of the sea. Talaria: mythological winged sandals Icarus became well known in legends mainly on account of his father, Daedalus, a master craftsman and skilled artisan. [2] One major Hellenist holiday is Prometheia, a festival thats unique to the new religion and didnt exist in ancient Greece. For example, the Romans didnt outlaw the Greek gods when they conquered Greece. All other colours were worn by the rich, withgarment with borders. [37], Men and women typically wore slippers, sandals, shoes with a soft liner. Hair was bleached also or with airlines. It was worn by Spartan men and was the favorite garment of the Cynic philosophers[28][29][30][31], Spolas (), a leather cloak, perhaps being worn on top. Up to about 500 bce is described as the Archaic period. [3] All ancient Greek clothing was made out of natural fibers. The Ancient Greeks never wore pants and equated the wearing of pantswith savagery. They quickly developed their culture in their new land, and, soon after 700 bce, they were living in an urban society capable of a high standard of building and visual arts. Small buttons, pins, and brooches were used. Women also wore close-fitting blouses that were cut low in thefront to expose the breasts. Cultural development came later to Italy than to the Aegean area. White lead was mixed with water andapplied on their face, neck, shouldersand arms to create a smooth paleskin. Originally it was wrapped around the waist like a loincloth, but by the end of the fifth century BC it was worn over the elbows. When men wore himations, they made sure to keep the edges from dragging on the ground because to do so was considered poor taste. The Greek religion could peacefully coexist with other religions. Patterns such as the meander symbolizing eternity were also commonly engraved into jewelry. The Doric chiton was usually made of wool and the Ionic chiton was usually made of linen. Your most awesome life can begin here, with clothing that has a bold statement about your inner strength and wisdom. Humans had the fire, which allowed them to advance as a species. Zeus is not only the king of gods, but also the god of the sky, of thunder and lightning, law and order, justice, and kingship. [19], Katonake (), it was a cloak which had a fleece (nakos) hanging from the lower (kato) parts, that is a wrapped-around hide and stretched down to the knees. The Ancient Greeks never wore pants and equated the wearing of pants with savagery. Who's Who in Classical Mythology. FOOTWEAR The Greeks, who are quite often credited as the first to have embraced civic openness, can also be seen to have traditions towards women much like those of Eastern civilizations. [26], Tebennos () and Tebenneion (T), a garment like Toga.[27]. In addition to the leather sandal, the Greeks also wore a boot-like piece of footwear called the cothurnus. "Greek males, it is generally agreed, did not walk around town naked, they did not ride their horses naked, and they certainly did not go into battle naked," Hurwit said. [42], Kredemnon () was a woman's headdress or veil of uncertain form, a sort of covering for the head with lappets hanging down to the shoulders on both sides, and when drawn together concealing the face. Only men could be full citizens. The fabric could be crinkled or pleated to give the garment more fullness, as the more fabric one wore, the wealthier they appeared. The chlamys was a seamless rectangle of woolen material worn by men for military or hunting purposes. Chitoniskos (), was a short chiton[6] sometimes worn over another chiton. Greek jewelry was very fine and was, especially in the later centuries, worn in abundance. I love that you pay such close attention to details that even the lipstick is named Unfaithful. Greek mythology, however, is full of stories in which the gods act petty, from Artemis turning Actaeon into a stag because he accidentally sees her bathing to Why Are the Greek Gods No Longer Worshiped? [44][45][46], Ampyx () was a headband worn by Greek women to confine the hair, passing round the front of the head and fastening behind. Dark powder was dusted over theeyebrows and red powder on thelips. When the Roman Empire absorbed the Greek religion, the Greeks continued to worship their gods. Corey Binns lives in Northern California and writes about science, health, parenting, and social change. [18], Egkuklon () and Tougkuklon () were woman's upper garment. A bare left shoulder was taken as a sign of barbarism, so men used to carefully wrap it around their left shoulders. In this article and those to come, youll find all the Greek myth fashion you could want, withoutfits inspired by gods, goddesses, heroes, and creatures from Greek mythology. While no clothes have survived from this period,Greek vase paintings and sculptures show that the fabrics were colored and decorated with ornate patterns. Ancient Greek clothing was mainly based on necessity, function, materials, and protection rather than identity. Most men were bareheaded, a hat being reserved for bad weather. Why does the Bible speak against wearing clothing made of different types of fabric? In addition to writing for Live Science, she's contributed to publications including Popular Science, TODAY.com, Scholastic, and the Stanford Social Innovation Review as well as others. An exomis, a short chiton fastened on the left shoulder, was worn for exercise, horse riding, or hard labor. shaped to thebody of the wearer, MEN https://people.howstuffworks.com/culture-traditions/national-traditions/greektradition2. Greco-Roman clothing for both women and men consisted of two main garmentsa tunic (either a peplos or chiton) and a cloak ( himation or toga). During Icarus' early childhood, his family resided in the City of Athens, a very beautiful place. Add more elegance to the outfit by wearing black sandals with a golden trim at the heel. The larger wrap was the himation, worn by both sexes. The peplos might not be secured at the waist with a belt or girdle. What does it mean that Christians are not under the law? He designed a machine, called the Archimedean screw, whichcould make water flow uphill. They didn't start sewing and making actual clothes until the 4th century. Women sometimes wore an epiblema (shawl) over the peplos or chiton. Common clothing of the time was plain white, or neutral-colored, sometimes incorporating decorative borders. Minoan women wore skirts thatflared out from the waist in a bell shape, with many decorations attached to the cloth. Diphthera () (meaning leather), a shepherd's wrap made of hides. He wrote books about physics,poetry, zoology, biology, politics, governments, and more. $29.90 (20% off) FREE shipping. The simplicity of the dress was offset by the myriad ways of wearing it, a sophistication achieved by personal expression of the wearer. In a way, it was the ancient Greek version of the modern-day bra, worn as an outer layer instead of underneath the clothes. They added the Greek gods to the Roman religion, effectively changing Greek paganism into Roman paganism. Beards becomes a custom separating East and West. Anyone who has watched the social, political and religious satire movie, Life of Brianprobably remembers the scene where Reg (John Cleese) asks All right, but apart from the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, the fresh-water system, and public health, what have the Romans ever done for us? This scene is probably the best demonstration of how the Romans influenced the world we know today. One would not conventionally associate the practice of wearing a veil in public with the women of ancient Greece as this custom has been more popularly associated with civilizations that have had Eastern influences. Our apparel is not for the weak of heart. But according to a recent study, nothing was further from the truth, as it appears ancient Greek women routinely wore the veil as well. It was said to be more popular with the Doric chitons which had no sleeves, and it is thought that the epiblema was more popular among women, especially when strolling outside the comfort of their homes. Chiton was fasten with a broche called FIBULAE The history of Middle Eastern and Western dress, Europe and America: 19th and 20th centuries. Pants were originally associated with the Persians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Eastern and Central Asian peoples. New York, Linen was the most common fabric due to the hot climate which lasted most of the year. What was the meaning and importance of the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15). Hades is the ruler of the Underworld and the god of the dead. Men in ancient Greece also wore tunics (chiton), made of a much lighter material, normally linen, as they were often outdoors and neededmore comfortable clothing. The subject of colour in Greek dress is a difficult one. Chiton was fasten with a broche called FIBULAE 3. [2] As with the chiton, often a girdle or belt would be used to fasten the folds at the waist. The influence from Anatolia, where the inland climate was more severe, introduced hooded cloaks, banded leg coverings, and Phrygian caps with a point on top. [39][38], Crepida (), was a kind of shoe between a closed boot and plain sandals. Another way of showing wealth was to use colorful dyes. Generally, when we speak about Greeks we speak about the classical Greeks from 7 th centuryonwards,with the famous people like Plato, Aristophanes, Sophocles etc. Why I'm no longer wearing clothes. The Hellenes plan to build a new temple in Athens, though this hasnt yet come to fruition. Krepis: outdoor boots for rocky terrainused by military However, theres a growing movement of Greek pagans revisiting the old religion. Stewart, Andrew. Clothes were mainly homemade or locally made. Home; Categories. Aphrodite Wife of Hephaestus. Brunette type liked to have golden hair and they could achieve by using vinegar in the sun or yellow flower dye. Clothing in ancient Greece primarily consisted of the chiton, peplos, himation, and chlamys. Last but not least, put on black heels, and its time to party! To channel the god of the Underworld, wear a little black dress with a twist: a lace floral back (Hades is married to Persephone, the goddess of spring). The Romans often absorbed other religions into their own (including the Greek gods), and the religion eventually grew unsustainably big. This breast belt or breast band was called the strophion. Often excess fabric would be pulled over a girdle, or belt, which was fastened around the waist (see kolpos). Accessorize with a coral shell necklace, a pair of sunglasses, and a horseshoe bracelet in honor of Poseidons animal symbol. Hes not one of the twelve Olympian gods that the Hellenes purport to worship. But Christianity was unable to coexist with Greco-Roman paganism. Copyright 2002-2023 Got Questions Ministries. Both women and men wore sandals, slippers, soft shoes, or boots, although at home they usually went barefoot. Also see Why Are Greek Gods Flawed? To show our appreciate we offer free shipping on all US orders over $90. Loincloths were made from a wide variety ofmaterials, such as linen, leather, or wool, and decorated with bright colours and patterns. Later designs were made fromStrips of fabric, sewn in ways thatcreated rows of ruffles from waistto ankle. Moreover, amythology is a collection of myths or stories about a specific person, culture, religion, or any group with shared beliefs. Openings for armholes were left on each side, and the open side of the garment was either left that way, or pinned or sewn to form a seam. 24 No one can serve two masters: Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. A History of Greek Art. "In ancient Greek art, there are many different kinds of nudity that can mean many different things," said Jeffrey Hurwit, an historian of ancient art at the University of Oregon. They began to adopt Greek ideas and their educational systemrelied heavily on Greek writers. Cosmos meaning order in ancient Greek. Although he is married to Hera, he is infamous for many love affairs which created a large and complicated family tree. The god of healingwho taught man medicine. Artists demonstrated the physical prowess men used to defeat their enemies. But even though the religion emphasizes connecting with Greeces past, the ancient Greeks did not celebrate Prometheia. This body-length garment was the most common attire for women in ancient Greece. Greek Art and Archaeology. It could be a garment, a blanket, or even a shroud. Footwear like strip sandals and for soldiers boot with strips. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. She has chased tornadoes and lived to tell the tale. Both men and women were wearing jewellery, gold chains, pendants, rings, bracelets, and jewels pins. Examples of Mythology are fables, fairy tales, folktales, sagas, epics, legends, and etiologic tales, which refer to causes or explain why a thing or cultural norm/practice is the way it is. Red on the lips came from the red ochre. The Archer, far shooting with a silver bow. Roman Copies of Greek Sculpture: The Problem of the Originals. Nudity was a costume used by artists to depict various roles of men, ranging from heroicism and status to defeat. Greco-Roman polytheism continued for several centuries, declining slowly. [1], Men and women sometimes wore triangular loincloths, called perizoma, as underwear.[1]. In antiquity, clothing was usually homemade and the same piece of homespun fabric could serve as a garment, shroud, or blanket. Please read our full disclosure here. Apparently, Romans loved Greek culture and as we mentioned above, the Greeks even influenced Romans clothing. 4. Goddess of the Night and the Hunt. All of these posts are so good. Constituted for the archaeologist and thehistorian the main sourcefor understanding thestyle, the costumes, hairstyle, habits of theGrecians. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Why do Africans wear Colourful clothes? Made of one or two pieces of fabric, it hung from the shoulder pins to above or below the waist girdle. The god of light. Mythology Clothing Co. is a clothing brand dedicated to respecting and sharing greek mythology, norse mythology, chinese mythology, and other ancient myths and proverbs through clothing. Hellenism is more about rejecting Christianity than revering the Greek gods. Greco-Roman paganism was later replaced by Christianity, which didnt tolerate the worship of multiple gods. Now for those who you who are not familiar with this aspect of ancient Greece, nudity was quite common depending on the place and the occasion. Usually made of wool, the tunic, just like in Ancient Greece, was the most basic item of clothing in Ancient Rome. They would cut their hair for morning. Ancient Greeks were always next to tropical area, next to sea there was really hot and they rich people would have wore better clothes when there was cold but poor people and slaves did not have that much clothes and aswell they couldnt produce that much clothes cause it was 700-480 B.C the tehnology was still suck. Greek Mythology Mythical Creatures T-Shirt - Ancient Greece Gods Tee - Greek Monsters Clothing - Greek Mythology Clothes - Mythology Outfit. Alexander the Great Fourth-Century Styles in Greek Sculpture. Ive been passionate about Greek mythology since childhood, and I love translating myths into everyday fashion. These boots called afterwards, from his name, Iphicratids (Greek: ). It could be worn over other clothing, but was often the sole item of clothing for young soldiers and messengers, at least in Greek art. The peplos was simply a large rectangle of heavy fabric, usually wool, folded over along the upper edge so that the overfold (apoptygma) would reach to the waist. The smaller onethe chlamyswas of dark wool and was worn pinned on one shoulder, usually leaving the right arm free. Breathe some fire into your swag! Goran Blazeski is one of the authors writing for The Vintage News, Join 1000s of subscribers and receive the best Vintage News in your mailbox for FREE, Paris upside down: the city under Haussmanns renovations, For decades scholars have been studying Plimpton 322, a clay tablet from around 1800 BCE that contains complex mathematical inscriptions, Police arrest a 72-year-old suburban grandfather suspected of being the Golden State Killer, Im not dead yet: some Buddhist monks followed self-mummification, Project Azorian: Howard Hughes secret mission, 1960s U.S. satellite that started transmitting again in 2013, The Walk of Shame in Game of Thrones historical inspiration, The only unsolved skyjacking case in U.S. history might have a break, Kurt Gdel became too paranoid to eat and died of starvation, Little Ease: One of the most feared torture devices in the Tower of London, The humble English girl who became Cora Pearl, Walt Disney softened the original Snow White story. MINOANS This sort of belt was quite popular among women in ancient Greece. Photo Credit. He wears a short tunic under a cuirass (breastplate) and holds his spear in his left hand. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Fertility Goddess. Department of Greek and Roman Art. to learn more. Ancient Greece 700 - 146 BC 1. From Percy Jackson to God of War to Hadestown, the Greek gods and the myths surrounding them fascinate and entertain modern readers, despite these stories being thousands of years old. When they did wear clothing, it was usually a cloth diaper wrapped around their waists. It was cut into squares of fabric and then pinned on the shoulders and bound around the body. He wrote down his teachings and peoples all over the world, even today, study the Greek philosophers. The peplos was an additional garment worn by women. Minoans wore a variety of complex garments thatwere sewn together in very much the If it's the second, well. Read another story from us:The term barbarian was coined by the Ancient Greeks to describe foreign cultures that couldnt speak Greek. The exact end of the Ancient Greek religion is difficult to pinpoint. Spartan women, as well as men, would sometimes be naked during public processions and festivals. However, jewelry from this time could also have pearls, gems, and semiprecious stones used as decoration. Compiled by Cynthia Stokes Brown. When Aristotle turned 17, he went to Athens to study with Plato. In this Poseidon-inspired look, a teal maxi skirt (reminiscent of the sea), and a white off-the-shoulder top are perfect for your next summer outing, whether youre going to a music festival or just being a tourist in your own city. Soldiers would wrap it around the arm and even use it as a light shield in combat. It is believed that they may have emigrated from Anatolia or possibly from farther east. But long time before them, in a small island name Crete, in Greece, was an incredible civilisation and clothing. Every stitch on our clothing is sewn with you in mind, offering a comfrotable fit so you can go hard doing what you love. Popular historian Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, who wrote one of the most detailed books on ancient Greek clothing, states that it was very common for women (particularly those with higher status) to cover their hair and face in public. It was a very long and very wide rectangle of fabric sewn up at the sides, pinned or sewn at the shoulders, and usually girded around the waist. Many had a decorative pagne or sheath that covered and protected the penis,and somehadlong aprons in the front and back with tassels or fringe. There were two chief forms of cloak or wrap. Web Design by OverDrive Digital Marketing. Women in Ancient Rome also wore the tunicbut whilemens tunics reached the knees, womens were longer and reached the ankles. Johnson, Marie, Ethel B. Abrahams, and Maria M. L. Evans. The Minoans, who lived on the Greek island of Crete between 3000 and 1600B.C.E. Somewhere in the middle of the classical era, around 500 BC, it was indeed the most popular piece of clothing among women. He is also considered to be the tamer of horses (or their creator, in some myths). Male athletes could participate nude in competitions such as the ancient Olympics, whereas women were barred from participating in any of the events. CLASSICAL GREEK MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION Men usually wore the himation alone, but some preferred to wear it over a chiton. "The more we know about other cultures, the deeper we will be able to understand our own culture and ourselves.". The theatres were open air and built in a semicircular. New research suggests that art might have been imitating life more closely than previously thought. The Romans merely gave the gods new names and slight changes. The Greeks used the term anaxyrides for pants and thought that wearing pants was a sign of barbarism and they even found them ridiculous. Why Do Tennis Players Wear White at Wimbledon? [20], Kolobus or Kolobium () was like a Tunic but sleeveless.[21][22]. Five women are shown with a belt around the outside of their garments worn fairly high. Men had a much better life in Ancient Greece than women. Depictions of ancient Greek womens attire of the type that strongly influenced late 1790s clothing styles (especially in Paris). Up to about 500 bce is described as the Archaic period. http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/The-Ancient-World- "While wearing beards and long hair you (Eastern Orthodox) reject the bond of brotherhood with the Roman clergy, since they shave and cut their hair," it stated, in an early proof that the custom had already divided Christianity to some extent. [2] There is evidence of elaborate design and bright colors, but these were less common among lower-class citizens. The strophic was a wide band of wool or linen wrapped across the breasts and tied between the shoulder blades. Throughout human history, each age and era had certain social features that made them stand apart from each other. However, the Romans looked to another great civilization of the time, the Greeks. Some assume that the Greeks wore only white because the recovered statues from this time showed white drapery. While no clothes have survived from this period, descriptions exist in contemporary accounts and artistic depictions. However, the artwork had originally been painted and that the garments the Greeks wore were actually quite colorful (see Gods in Color). [17], Allix () and Gallix () was a chlamys according to Thessalians. Only once they reached school age, did they wear the same clothes as adults. SOCIETY Some scholars theorize that the old pagan religions became less popular as they grew. However, even these small garments were madewith much attention to detail. The influence of the Ancient Greeks are still felt by us today. Both the peplos and chiton were floor-length garments that were usually long enough to be pulled over the belt, creating a pouch known as a kolpos. Statue of Emperor Tiberius showing the draped toga of the 1st century AD. The cloak (himation) worn by both women and men was essentially a rectangular piece of heavy fabric, either woolen or linen. same waythat modern garments are made. The seamless rectangles of fabric were draped on the body in various ways with little sewing involved. Cothurness: used in theatre ; The Olympian gods lived on Mount Olympus, which you can visit if you make a trip to Greece! HIMATION worn over the chiton Krokotos () was a saffron-coloured robe/chiton. Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo. From chitons and peploi to strophions and leather sandals, the culture of clothing has had a huge impact on fashions in the subsequent Roman Empire and many other Western civilizations that came after it. "In most public contexts, clothing was not optional, and in combat nakedness was suicidal.". The Greek and Roman goddesses wore a tunica, or under wrap, and a stola which was a flimsy fabric that went on top. Source of information Additionally, clothing often served many purposes (such as bedding). Pants were originally associated with the Persians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Eastern and Central Asian peoples. That is why we have created mythological clothing to bring you closer to the gods, goddesses, otherwordly beings you admire. 2. Commonly, Greek children did not wear anything and would be naked most of the time, especially when they were within the confines of their own homes, which they were for most of the time. Hair were bleached also or with airlines.Brunette type liked to have golden hair and they could achieve by using vinegar in the sun or yellow flower dye. The Greeks believedthat these gods andgoddesses controlled everything in their lives and the environment. The Greeks used the termanaxyridesfor pants and thought that wearing pants was a sign of barbarism and they even found them ridiculous. All the actors were men. An interesting fact is that during ancient Greeks rituals, girls were chosen to make new peploi out of large pieces of fabric.
Horse Property For Rent Amarillo, Tx,
Anno 1800 Best Cargo Ship,
Eakes Funeral Home Oxford, Nc Obituaries,
Is 90k A Good Salary For A Single Person,
Articles W
